Create CarouselView widget - Part 1 (#148094)

This PR is to create an ["uncontained" Carousel](https://m3.material.io/components/carousel/specs#477de3a1-c9df-4742-baf3-bcd5eeb3764c).

https://github.com/flutter/flutter/assets/36861262/947e6b2c-219f-4c8b-aba1-4a1a010221a7

The rest of the layouts can be achieved by using `Carousel.weighted`: https://github.com/QuncCccccc/flutter/pull/2. The branch of `Caorusel.weighted` PR is based on this PR for relatively easer review. Will request reviews for the part 2 PR once this one is successfully merged in master.

examples/api/lib/material/carousel/carousel.0.dart

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+// Copyright 2014 The Flutter Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
+// found in the LICENSE file.
+
+import 'package:flutter/material.dart';
+
+/// Flutter code sample for [Carousel].
+
+void main() => runApp(const CarouselExampleApp());
+
+class CarouselExampleApp extends StatelessWidget {
+  const CarouselExampleApp({super.key});
+
+  @override
+  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
+    return MaterialApp(
+      debugShowCheckedModeBanner: false,
+      home: Scaffold(
+        appBar: AppBar(
+          title: const Text('Carousel Sample'),
+        ),
+        body: const CarouselExample(),
+      ),
+    );
+  }
+}
+
+class CarouselExample extends StatefulWidget {
+  const CarouselExample({super.key});
+
+  @override
+  State<CarouselExample> createState() => _CarouselExampleState();
+}
+
+class _CarouselExampleState extends State<CarouselExample> {
+  @override
+  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
+    return Center(
+      child: ConstrainedBox(
+        constraints: const BoxConstraints(maxHeight: 200),
+        child: CarouselView(
+          itemExtent: 330,
+          shrinkExtent: 200,
+          children: List<Widget>.generate(20, (int index) {
+            return UncontainedLayoutCard(index: index, label: 'Item $index');
+          }),
+        ),
+      ),
+    );
+  }
+}
+
+class UncontainedLayoutCard extends StatelessWidget {
+  const UncontainedLayoutCard({
+    super.key,
+    required this.index,
+    required this.label,
+  });
+
+  final int index;
+  final String label;
+
+  @override
+  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
+    return ColoredBox(
+      color: Colors.primaries[index % Colors.primaries.length].withOpacity(0.5),
+      child: Center(
+        child: Text(
+          label,
+          style: const TextStyle(color: Colors.white, fontSize: 20),
+          overflow: TextOverflow.clip,
+          softWrap: false,
+        ),
+      ),
+    );
+  }
+}

examples/api/test/material/carousel/carousel.0_test.dart

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+// Copyright 2014 The Flutter Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
+// found in the LICENSE file.
+
+import 'package:flutter/material.dart';
+import 'package:flutter_api_samples/material/carousel/carousel.0.dart' as example;
+import 'package:flutter_test/flutter_test.dart';
+
+void main() {
+  testWidgets('Carousel Smoke Test', (WidgetTester tester) async {
+    await tester.pumpWidget(
+      const example.CarouselExampleApp(),
+    );
+    expect(find.byType(CarouselView), findsOneWidget);
+
+    expect(find.widgetWithText(example.UncontainedLayoutCard, 'Item 0'), findsOneWidget);
+    expect(find.widgetWithText(example.UncontainedLayoutCard, 'Item 1'), findsOneWidget);
+  });
+}